Lý thuyết liên từ và mệnh đề

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Bài 1

Tóm tắt bài giảng

1.Liên từ kết hợp (coordinating conjunctions )

* Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ / nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ …) * Gồm có: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, as well as * Ví dụ:

She is a good and loyal wife.

That is a good but quite unnecessary article.

Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.

He is intelligent but very lazy.

She says she does not love me, yet I still love her. (Cô ấy nói cô ấy không yêu tôi, nhưng tôi vẫn yêu cô ấy.)

I learn English to make friends with foreigners and (to) get a good job.

We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam. (Chúng ta phải học hành chăm chỉ, nếu không thì chúng ta sẽ trượt kỳ thi đó.)

He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.

That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt. Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.

Liên từ tƣơng hỗ (correlative conjunctions)

* Gồm có: both . . . and…(vừa….vừa…), not only . . . but also… (không chỉ…mà còn…), not . . . but, either . . . or (hoặc ..hoặc..), neither . . . nor (không….cũng không…), whether . . . or

(dù ….hay…., hoặc…..hoặc….) , as . . . as, no sooner…. than…(vừa mới….thì…), hardly … when * Ví dụ:

Both my brother and my friend like English.

She is both beautiful and intelligent.

They learn both English and French.

Either I or he is wrong. (Hoặc tôi hoặc anh ta sai.)

Neither I or he is wrong. (Tôi và anh ta đều không sai.) He drinks neither wine nor beer.

I like playing not only tennis but also football.

Not only my brothers but also my friend likes English.

I don’t have either books or notebooks.

I wonder whether he loves me or not.

I can’t make up my mind (= decide: quyết định) whether I should buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down.

I can’t make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down.

No sooner / Hardly + had + S + PII than / when + clause

No sooner had I put the phone down than he rang back. (Tôi vừa đặt điện thoại xuống thì anh ta gọi lại.)

Bài tập vận dụng (Chữa trong video):
I saw him leaving an hour …. two ago. (or)
This is an expensive … very useful book (but)
Walk quickly … you will be punished. (or)
Would you like coffee … tea (or) Kết hợp 2 câu làm 1:
We know him. We know his friends. à We know him and his friend.
It is stupid to do that. It is quite unecessary. à It is stupid and quite unecessary to do that.
Your arguments are strong. They don’t convince me. à Your arguments are strong but they don’t convince me.
You can go there by bus. You can go there by train. à You can go there by bus or by train.

à You can go there either by bus or by train.

Bài về nhà

Exercise 1. Choose among or / and / so / but to complete these sentences.

I’m going to go shopping on Sunday ………buy some new clothes.
I’ve just eaten dinner …… I’m not hungry.
Why don’t you ring Sue …….. find out what time she’s coming over tonight?
Don’t tell John about his birthday party ….. you’ll spoil the surprise.
I have been saving my money this year …… next year I plan to take a long holiday in Europe.
Secretary to Boss: Do you want anything else ….. can I go home now?
I love to travel …… I hate travelling by bus.
I’m bored! Let’s go out to dinner….. see a movie.
I like living in the city ……… my brother prefers living in the country.
Betty’s just got a promotion at work ……. she’s very happy.
Father to Son: You’re thirty now. Don’t you think it’s time that you settled down …….. got married?
Tom got a great Christmas bonus from work this year ……. he and his family can have a good vacation this year.
It’s late. You should go to bed now ……… you’ll be tired tomorrow.
The taxi stopped at the train station ……… two men got out of it.
I was in the area ……… I thought I’d drop in and say hello.
I really hate to have to sell my car ………… I need the money.
My friend fell down the stairs …………. sprained his ankle.
I won’t be home for Christmas ………….I will be there for New Year’s.
Julia was very angry with Tom ………. she went for a long walk to cool down.
Can you stop at the shop …………get some milk on your way home from work?
Are you busy this weekend ……. do you have some free time? I need some help moving to my new house.
You’ve been working hard in the garden all day. Why don’t you sit down I’ll bring you a nice cold drink.
Nobody was home when I rang Jenny ……… I left a message for her.
I’ve been dieting ……….. I’m not losing any weight.
Will you eat that last chocolate biscuit ………. will you leave it for me?
It’s raining. Wear your raincoat ………… you don’t get wet.
I’m sorry I missed your birthday party Alan, my car broke down ……… it took me hours to walk to a phone.
Bill graduated first in his class at University ………. his parents bought him a new car.
We left very early this morning for our holiday here was still a traffic jam on the freeway.
I had a very boring weekend, I just sat around the house ………. did nothing.
Can I help you with that ………… are you all right?
Would you rather stay home tonight ……….. would you rather go out?
John may have built this house by himself …………… he hired an architect to design it.
Is this seat already taken ………..can I sit there?
Your sister rang today ………… she didn’t leave a message.
You had better hurry …………… you’ll be late for work.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences using the paired conjunctions given in brackets.

Make any necessary changes. DO NOT USE ANY PUNCTUATION MARKS!

Example:

Tom doesn’t lie to his friends. Paul doesn’t either. (neither…nor) Neither Tom nor Paul lie to their friends.

Fred likes helping his friends. So does Linda. (both…and)
Harry used to date Ann. Or was it Helen? (either…or)
We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths. (not only…but also)
He never listens to or advises his friends when they have a problem. (neither…nor)
I’ve betrayed your trust. I’ve betrayed your love for me. (not only…but also)
He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. (both…and)
Brian isn’t very considerate. Neither is Tom. (neither…nor)
A true friend is someone who is caring and loving. (both…and)
Rachel should apologise or leave. (either…or)
Richard and John didn’t keep her secret. (neither…nor)

Exercise 3. Choose the most meaningful option.

Who wrote you this love letter? – I’m not sure. I think it was ___ Michael ___ Paul.
1. ..and b. either…or c. neither…nor d. not…only
___ Linda ___ Helen called to say sorry. I’m very sad and frustrated.
1. ..and b. either…or c. neither…nor d. not only…but also
___ Ryan ___ Susie have disappointed me. They didn’t come to my birthday party.
1. ..and b. either…or c. neither…nor d. not only…but also
Paul has been neglecting us. He ___ calls ___ hangs out with us anymore.
1. ..and b. either…or c. neither…nor d. not only…but also
He hurt ___ her feelings ___ her dignity. This is unforgivable.
1. not only…but also b. either…or neither…nor
___ loyalty ___ honesty are essential in a friendship.
1. ..and b. either…or c. neither…nor
You should ___ disrespect ___ deceive your friends.
1. ..and b. either…or c. neither…nor d. not only…but also
I will take you ___ to the cinema ___ to the theatre. That’s a promise.
1. ..and b. either…or c. neither…nor d. not only…but also

KEY

Exercise 1.

and 2. so 3. and 4. or 5. and 6. or 7. but
and 9. but 10. so 11. and 12. so 13. or 14. and
so 16. but 17. and 18. but 19. so 20. and 21. or
and 23. so 24. but 25. or 26. so 27. and 28. so
but 30. and 31. or 32. or 33. but 34. or 35. but
or

Exercise 2.

Both Fred and Linda like helping their friends
Harry used to date either Ann or Helen
We should learn to accept not only our weaknesses but also our strengths
He neither listens to nor advises his friends when they have a problem
I’ve betrayed not only your trust but also your love for me
He felt both disappointed and misunderstood
Neither Brian nor Tom is very considerate
A true friend is someone who is both caring and loving
Rachel should either apologise or leave
Neither Richard nor John kept her secret

Exercise 3.

either … or 2. neither … nor 3. both … and 4. neither … nor
not only … but also 6. both … and 7. neither … nor 8. either … or

Bài 2

Tóm tắt bài giảng

Addition: In addition, furthermore, moreover, additionally, also, again
Cause – Effect: As a result, As a consequence, resultedly, consequently, therefore, hence / thus
Contrast: However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, in contrast, on the contrary, notwithstanding

(tuy nhiên), still / yet (ấy thế mà), on the other hand (mặt khác)

Besides (Ngoài ra) / Beside (pre) ( = next to = by: bên cạnh)

I really want to go to the party. Besides, it is close to / beside my house.

Otherwise: nếu không thì

My teacher helped me a lot. Otherwise, I wouldn’t have passed the exam. à câu điều kiện ẩn
After the fire, all the books had been burnt or otherwise destroyed. (Sau đám cháy tất cả sách đã bị đốt cháy, nếu không thì bị phá hủy)

Similarly, likewise (một cách tương tự)

Everyone in my class studies 3 hours a day. We should do likewise / similarly.

(Mọi người trong lớp tôi học 3 tiếng mỗi ngày. Chúng tôi cũng nên làm như vậy.) In fact (thực ra): nhấn mạnh

He looks very young. In fact, he is in his 40’s.

In theory: theo lý thuyết, In practice: thực tế là
Indeed (thực sự là) : dùng để nhấn mạnh

He is a hard – working employee. Indeed, he works ten hours a day.

Accordingly: tương xứng với, theo đó

Susan is an intern and she is paid accordingly.

(Susan là một thực tập viên và cô ấy được trả tương xứng với.) Finally: After years of arguing, they finally got divorced.

Instead: thay vào đó. Ví dụ: I don’t have coffee. Why we don’t drink tea instead. Namely: ví dụ ( = for example, for instance)

Malaria can be prevented, namely by taking tables and by using nets.

ØBài tập vận dụng:

Bài 1. Chọn phƣơng án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu

You need to work harder. ……………., you’ll get fired.
1. Otherwise Moreover C. Instead
We didn’t want to go to Brazil. ………. we went to Vietnamese.
1. instead accordingly C. otherwise
He is a very weak president; ……….. most people support him.
1. otherwise instead C. Nevertheless
We wanted to go to the beach; …..it started to rain and we stayed at home.
1. otherwise However C. namely
She is a very smart woman; ……….. it is not at all surprising that she got the job.
1. Nevertheless Similarly C. Therefore
He has a terrible voice; ……… he will go down in history as the worst singer ever.
1. undoubtedly otherwise C. still
John has very little money; ________________, his brother Jacob is a millionaire.
1. in contrast nonetheless C. similarly
Roberta didn’t have all the ingredients to bake a cake; ________________, she decided to prepare something else.
1. finally indeed C. therefore
He couldn’t tell her the truth; ________________, he lied.
1. finally similarly C. instead
I really don’t know why he came; ________________, I would tell you.
1. otherwise instead C. in contrast

Bài 2.

Part A. Directions: Choose from among these conjunctive adverbs to complete each sentence:

consequently otherwise on the other hand furthermore

Buying and living in a 200-year-old house would be interesting; ____________, it would probably be very expensive to maintain.
You’ll have to start taking better care of your body and stop smoking; ________, you’ll die early.
Thao had a bad experience shopping at that store; __________, she decided never to shop there again.
Growing apples is an interesting hobby which provides me with a lot of pleasure; ________, I don’t need to buy apples at the store.
Patricia and Karl lost interest in each other; __________, they both agreed to a divorce.
Golf is a very fun sport; __________, it’s very expensive.
The party became kind of boring after Toby left; ________, everyone went home soon afterwards.
If we arrive at the restaurant early, we’ll get a good seat; ________, the restaurant won’t feel very lively.
You should buy these boots while they’re on sale; _________, you’ll have to pay full price next week.
When the economy went into recession, business slowed down; _____, Hector was laid off.

Part B. Directions: Choose from among these conjunctive adverbs to complete each sentence:

however therefore in addition

The jury found the man found guilty on all charges of murder; _______, he was sentenced to life in prison.
I would like to see the new exhibit; _____, there might not be enough time to do that.
Becoming a doctor isn’t easy. _____to many years of studying medicine, you have to deal with uncomfortable situations all the time.
My friend, Jeff, wants to ask Wanda out on a date; _____, he’s too nervous.
Steve wanted more excitement in his life; _____, he decided to join the U.S. military in hopes of going to Iraq.
This is a very useful tool; ______, it’s easy to carry inside a pocket.
Carbon dioxide levels are rising in the earth’s atmosphere; _____, temperatures around the planet are increasing.
Finding a new job can be a time-consuming process; ______, it can be costly if you need to buy a new suit and send out resumes.
The company she works for is expanding; _____, it won’t start hiring new workers until next year.
Tony has stopped watching what he eats; _____, he’s starting to get really heavy.

Bài về nhà

Exercise 1. Choose the best, most natural-sounding conjunctive adverb (adverbial conjunction) for each sentence:

He tried his best; ________, he couldn’t pass the exam.
1. still otherwise C. subsequently
I will try to get a discount; _______, I won’t buy this TV.
1. subsequently otherwise C. still
He is a very unlikeable person; _________, most people seem to like him.
1. otherwise subsequently C. still
We got to the beach; ________, we swam in the ocean.
1. then nevertheless C. besides
He is great tennis player; __________, he couldn’t beat Roger Federer.
1. then besides C. nevertheless
I totally disagree with his interpretation; ______, he’s no authority on the subject.
1. then besides C. nevertheless
George makes a lot of money; _________, he’s a very stingy person.
1. nevertheless then C. besides
Frank didn’t give his brothers presents; ________, he gave each of them an envelope with $50.
1. subsequently instead C. also
I don’t like her face; __________, she smokes, which is something I hate.
1. instead also C. subsequently
James finished his degree at Oxford University; ______, he settled in London and took up a position with a large international bank.
1. instead also C. subsequently
None of us knew our lines on Monday; _______ , the show opened successfully on Saturday.
1. nonetheless consequently C. instead
There are many things wrong with my truck; _________, it needs an oil change, new tires, and a new battery.
1. meanwhile for example
You really don’t need new shoes; __________, you don’t have any money.
1. next moreover
It was a hot day; _______, we closed all the windows and turned on the air conditioner and all the fans.
1. on the contrary therefore
Jen’s tire was flat; ________, we called a tow truck.
1. thus furthermore

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using an appropriate transitional adverb (conjunctive adverb).

Mary’s work is wonderful: ………….. she got a raise.
Lucie was a terrible employee ; …………… she got promoted.
We hope to receive the order on time; ………… we will cancel.
Bernie had seniority; …………. he was laid off
……………….. to your request of last week, we are sending you a catalog
She was attractive; …………….. she was not beautiful
………………….. last week, she has not been the same.
…………………….. the boss arrives, I am the one who makes rules. …………………. he can, the director will receive you
Please be on time; ……………. try to be early.
…………………. we are thinking of expending.
………………… fulfill his contact, he will have to submit his sketches by Friday.
…………….. an invoice is paid by cheque,make sure it is deposited as soon as possible.
Our company expanded; ……………. we hired new personnel.
………………….. you can type a new letter.
Vegetables are rich sources of vitamins and antioxidants and……………… eating vegetables is essential for good health.
‘The last bus has gone.’ ‘………………….., we are going to have to walk.’
…………………… the starter, I thought the meal was nice.
I bought that car. It looked good and, …………………….., it was reasonably priced. 20. Studies seem to suggest that bright blue and bright yellow are the most visible and …………………….. the safest colors for vehicles.
You had better mend your ways; ………………….., you will land in serious trouble.
She didn’t leave her husband …………………….. the fact that he had cheated on her.
………………….. each individual is unique in many ways, members of the same species share many common characteristics.
They have recruited more people and ……………………. the service has improved
I was not confident of winning. ……………………, I decided to give it a try.

KEY

Exercise 1.

1A 2B 3C 4A 5C 6B 7A 8B 9B 10A 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A

Exercise 2.

accordingly 2. nevertheless 3. otherwise 4. however 5. Further
although 7. Since 8. Until 9. as soon as 10. moreover
Actually 12. In order to 13. Whenever 14. therefore 16. Meanwhile
hence 17. Then 18. Apart from 19. moreover 20. therefore
otherwise 22. despite 23. Although 24. consequently 25. Nevertheless

Bài 3

Tóm tắt bài giảng

PHÂN LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ trong tiếng anh gồm có:
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian-Adverbial clause of time
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích-Adverbial clause of purpose
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả-Adverbial clause of result
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân-Adverbial clause of cause
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ quan hệ tương phản/ nhượng bộ -Adverbial clause of
contrast/concession)
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thể cách-Adverbial clause of manner
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ điều kiện-Adverbial clause of condition (tình trạng)
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ so sánh-Adverbial clause comparison

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian thường bắt đầu bằng: Before, after, as soon as (ngay sau khi), while (trong khi), when, as (khi), until (mãi cho đến khi), till (mãi cho đến khi), once (khi mà, mỗi khi), by, by the time (ngay khi).

Before / by / by the time

I’ll have finished my work by the time / before you come back.

I’ll leave as soon as I finish my work.

I’ll leave as soon as I have finish my work. (Nhấn mạnh tính hoàn thành của hành động.) I had finished my work before / by / by the time I went home.

After I had finished my work, I went home.

When / As / While
Cách dùng when

When + Mệnh đề 1 ở quá khứ, Mệnh đề 2 ở quá khứ

When + Mệnh đề 1 ở quá khứ, Mệnh đề 2 ở quá khứ tiếp diễn

When + Mệnh đề 1 ở quá khứ, Mệnh đề 2 ở quá khứ hoàn thành

When + Mệnh đề 1 ở hiện tại, Mệnh đề 2 ở tương lai When the speaker entered the room, we all stand up When you become an adult, you will know the truth.

Cách dùng as (như when)
Cách dùng while : while + mệnh đề 1 ở tiếp diễn, mệnh đề 2 ở tiếp diễn While we are studying, they are hanging out.

While my mother was watching TV, my father listened to the radio.

ØLưu ý: Phân biệt giữa while và during

While (Trong khi) (Conjunction – liên từ) + Clause

Ex: While they were having lunch, she said nothing to him

During (Trong suốt) (Preposition – giới từ) + Noun/V-ing

Ex: During lunch, she said nothing to him

Until / till + clause: cho tới khi I’ll wait here until you come back.

I won’t leave until you come back.

Once + clause = when : một khi

Once I have finished my exercises, I’ll go out.

Not until / Only when / Only after + clause, Inversion (đảo ngữ) Only when he came into light, did I recognize him.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích là mệnh đề bổ nghĩa cho mệnh đề chính, bằng cách xác định mục đích mà hành động của mệnh đề chính xảy ra.

Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích thường được bắt đầu bằng: so that; in order that (để mà); lest (kẻo mà); for fear that ( vì sợ rằng)

Ex: – She is studing hard so that / in order that she can pass the upcoming exam. – We left the house early lest we would miss the train.

– We tiptoed in order that we wouldn’t make the baby up. (Chúng tôi đi rón rén / đi nhón gót để

mà không làm đứa trẻ thức giấc) (toe (n): ngón chân, tip (n): đầu mút)

NOTES

Để diễn tả chỉ mục đích chúng ta còn có thể sử dụng các từ hoặc cụm từ sau: a. in order to inf

She is studing hard in order to pass the upcoming exam.

in order for sb / sth to do sth: để cho ai/ cái gì làm gì

Ex: – We prepare everything in order for them to finish the job quickly.

In order for a film to be interesting, it must have a good plot.

(Để cho 1 bộ phim hay thì bộ phim đó phải có cốt truyện hay)

In order for your child to be respectful, you must educate him very early. (be respectful: lễ phép) So as to

We prepare everything so as for them to finish the job quickly. d. With a view to V – ing / not V – ing

With a view to passing the upcoming exam, she is studying hard.

III. AVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT

Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả là những mệnh đề bổ nghĩa cho mệnh đề chính bằng cách xác định kết quả. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả được bắt đầu bằng so (vì vậy), so… that, such……. that (quá … đến nổi)

Ex: – She had studied hard so she pass the exam successfully. – They practised regularly so they won the match easily.

Các cấu trúc của “so…. that” và “such…. that”
S + verb + so + adj / adv + that + clause : quá ….. đến nỗi mà Ex: – She is so kind that everyone loves her.
- He swam so strongly that he won the first prize.
- The coffee is so hot that we can’t drink it.
S + verb + such + a/an + adj + singular noun + that + clause Ex: Chuyển các câu từ (a) sang dạng (b)

NOTE: Với cấu trúc “so … that” khi chuyển thành “such …that” , ta biến động từ chính thành danh từ.

He drives so carelessly that he has many accidents.

à He is such a carless driver that he has many accidents.

c.S + verb + so + adj + a/an + singular noun + that + clause It is such a nice dog that she always take it out for a walk.

( Đó là con chó đẹp đến nỗi chị ấy luôn dắt nó đi dạo.) à The dog is so nice that she always take it out for a walk.

It is so nice a dog that she always take it out for a walk. Vận dụng:

She types so careful that she never makes any mistakes.

→ (Bà ấy là người đánh máy cẩn thận đến nổi bà ấy không bao giờ mắc lỗi.) à She is such a careful typist that she never make any mistakes.

She is so careful a typist that she never make any mistakes.

S + verb + so + many/few + plural noun + that + clause ~ quá nhiều/ít ….đến nổi mà She has so many friends that she can’t remember their birthdays.

(Chị ấy có quá nhiều bạn đến nổi chị ấy không thể nhớ hết sinh nhật của họ được.) So few students registered for the class that it was cancelled.

(Quá ít sinh viên đăng ký lớp học đến nổi nó bị hủy.)

Sub + Verb + so + much/little + uncountable noun + that + clause

My mother has so little free time that she never watches TV at night.

( Mẹ tôi có quá ít thời gian rỗi đến nỗi mẹ tôi không bao giờ xem truyền hình vào buổi tối.) They spent so much money that they got broke.

( Bọn họ tiêu quá nhiều tiền đến nổi bọn họ đã trở nên túng quẫn.)

(Be / get broke: túng quẫn, khánh kiệt)

Bài về nhà

Exercise 1. Translate into Vietnamese

1) Người thanh niên đó lái xe bất cẩn nên anh ấy thường gây tai nạn 2) Quyển sách dày quá đến nổi tôi không thể đọc xong nó trong một đêm 3) Cô ấy làm việc tích cực quá đến nổi cô ấy được tiến cử nhanh chóng be/get promoted: tiến cử

Đó là chiếc xe đắt tiền quá đến nỗi bọn họ không thể mua nổi
Anh ấy là vận động viên chạy nhanh đến nổi không ai có thể bắt kịp anh ấy
Chị ấy cho tôi mượn quyển sách tiểu thuyết hay đến nổi tôi đọc nó suốt cả đêm

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences with the words given so that the rewritten ones have the same meaning as the orginal ones.

The bridge was so low that the lorry couldn’t go under it.

→ The bridge was too ………………………………………………………………………………………………

→ It was such …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

I’ll give you my phone number. I want you to phone me when necessary.

→ I’ll give you my phone number so …………………………………………………………………………

That boy is clever. He can make children’s toy.

→ That boy is so ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

→ That is such ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

That pupil is very lazy. My sister can’t teach him English.

→ That pupil is so …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

→ That pupil is too …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

It was such a good film that we decided to go and see it again.

→ The film was ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

The boy can’t wear the shirt because it’s very tight.

→ The shirt is so ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

→ The shirt is too …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

We enjoyed our trip although the weather was bad.

→ In spite of …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

He was sleepy; therefore, he went to bed early.

→ Because ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

I made a mistake because I was very tired.

→ Because of …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

These cars are cheap but they last a long time.

→ Even though ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Despite the noise, the children slept well.

→ Although …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Because of being tired, he didn’t walk to the station.

→ Because ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3.

When I _________ him tomorrow, I will ask him.
see B. will see C. saw
Yesterday, after he _______ breakfast, he got ready to go to work.
had B. had had C. have
As soon as the taxi _________, we were able to leave the airport.
had arrived B. arrive C. arrived

4.I am going to wait right here until Jessica ________.

came B. comes C. will come
They tried to find__________the monkey lives.
1. where in which C. when
__________she is late for the lesson, she gets bad mark for the essay.
1. So that Because C. Although
_______ the shop keeper didn’t pay attention to the shop, two thieves stole some clothes.
1. Where Since C. As if
_______ she got uplate, she missed the train.
Whenever B. So that C. Seeing that
The man died ________he got a serious disease.
1. as although C. where
They stared at me________I were a very strange person.
1. as if So that C. although
He screamed ___________ he saw a ghost.
1. whenever as if C. because
The librarian arranges the books according to their content _______ people can find them easily.
1. so that since C. when
Many people gathered in front of the building ___________ they could see the President clearly.
1. as if where C. in order that
Tom hasn’t seen his best friend ________ he moved to this city.
1. so that since C. because
She signed the contract _________ she found somes points that she was till confused
1. although because C. as if
The company makes very big profit, __________ the workers still have low salary.
1. so that because C. but
Her company was bankrupt _________ the country suferred from the Economic crisis.
1. because so that C. although
It was raining __________ they were discussing about the solution to the problem of air pollution.
1. before while C. still
________the exercises are very hard, they still do well.
1. Because Even though C. So that
I want to see him _________ he comes back.
1. but as if C. as soon as

KEY

Exercise 1.

The young man drives so carelessly that he often causes accidents.
The book is so thick that I can’t finish reading it in a night
She work so hard that she got promoted quickly (fast: thường sử dụng với tốc độ)
It is such an expensive car that they can’t buy it
He is such a fast runner that no one catch up with him
She lent such a interesting novel that I read it during the night / through out the night/all night.

Exercise 2.

The bridge was too low for the lorry to go under.

It was such a low bridge that the lorry couldn’t go under it.

I’ll give you my phone number so that you can phone me when necessary.
That boy is so clever that he can make children’s toys. That is such a clever boy that he can make children’s toys.
That pupil is so lazy that my sister can’t teach him English. That pupil is too lazy for my sister to teach him English.
The film was so good that we decided to go and see it again.
The shirt is so tight that the boy can’t wear it. The shirt is too tight for the boy to wear.
In spite of the bad weather, we enjoyed our trip.
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed early.
Because of being very tired, I made a mistake.
Even though these cars are cheap, they last a long time.
Although it was noisy, the children slept well.
Because he was tired, he didn’t walk to the station.

Exercise 3.

Question 1 Explanation:

Khi diễn tả hành động diễn ra ở tương lai, mệnh đề chính ở thì tương lai thì mệnh đề trạng ngữ phải ở thì hiện tại đơn.

Dịch nghĩa: Ngày mai lúc tôi gặp anh ta, tôi sẽ hỏi anh ta.

Question 2 Explanation:

Mệnh đề chính dùng thì quá khứ, diễn tả hành động xảy ra sau hành động trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ nên mệnh đề trạng ngữ phải chia động từ ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành.

Dịch nghĩa: Ngày hôm qua, sau khi anh ta ăn sáng thì anh ta đã sẵn sàng làm việc.

Question 3 Explanation:

Hai hành động trong hai mệnh đề diễn ra cùng một lúc mà động từ trong mệnh đề chính chia ở thì quá khứ đơn nên động từ trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ cũng phải chia ở thì quá khứ đơn. Dịch nghĩa: Ngay khi taxi đến thì chúng ta cũng có thể rời khỏi sân bay được.

Question 4 Explanation:

Mệnh đề chính ở thì tương lai nên mệnh đề trạng ngữ phải chia ở thì hiện tại đơn. Dịch nghĩa: Tôi sẽ chờ cho đến khi Jessica đến.

Question 5 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn nên chọn ”where”.

Dịch nghĩa: Họ cố gắng tìm ra nơi con khỉ sống.

Question 6 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, kết quả, nên dùng ”because” trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ. Dịch nghĩa: Vì cô ấy đi học muộn nên bài tiểu luận của cô ấy bị điểm kém.

Question 7 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân nên chọn ”since”. Dịch nghĩa: Do người trong cửa hàng không để ý nên hai tên trộm đã ăn trộm một ít quần áo trong cửa hàng.

Question 8 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân nên chọn ”seeing that”.

Dịch nghĩa: Do dậy muộn nên cô ấy bị lỡ tầu.

Question 9 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân nên chọn ”as”. Dịch nghĩa: Người đàn ông đã tử vong do mắc bệnh quá nặng.

Question 10 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ cách thức nên dùng ”as if”. Dịch nghĩa: Họ nhìn chằm chằm vào tôi như thể tôi là người lạ vậy.

Question 11 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ cách thức nên dùng ” As if “.

Dịch nghĩa: Anh ta hét lên như là gặp ma vậy.

Question 12 Explanation: Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích nên dùng ” so that”.

Dịch nghĩa: Người quản thủ thư viện sắp xếp sách theo nội dung của nó để cho mọi người dễ tìm. Question 13 Explanation: Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ mục đích nên dùng ” in order that”. Dịch nghĩa: Rất nhiều người tập trung trước tòa nhà để có thể nhìn rõ vị tổng thống.

Question 14 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành nên chọn ”since”. (sau ”since”, động từ chia ở thì quá khứ đơn).

Dịch nghĩa: Anh ta không gặp bạn thân nhất từ khi anh ta chuyển đến thành phố này. Question 15 Explanation: Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự tương phản nên dùng ” although”. Dịch nghĩa: Cô ấy ký hợp đồng dù thấy có vài điểm vẫn chưa hiểu rõ.

Question 16 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự tương phản nên dùng ”but”. Dịch nghĩa: Công ty có lãi lớn nhưng công nhân vẫn bị trả lương rất thấp.

Question 17 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân nên dùng ”because”. Dịch nghĩa: Công ty của cô ấy đã bị phá sản do cuộc khủng hoảng kinh tế.

Question 18 Explanation:

Hai mệnh đề trong câu này diễn tả hai hành động xảy ra cùng một thời điểm nên dùng ”while”. Dịch nghĩa: Lúc trời đang mưa thì họ cũng đang thảo luận để tìm ra giải pháp cho vấn đề ô nhiễm không khí.

Question 19 Explanation: Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự tương phản nên dùng ”Even though”. Dịch nghĩa: Mặc dù bài tập rất khó nhưng họ vẫn làm rất tốt.

Question 20 Explanation:

Đây là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian nên dùng ” as soon as ”.

Dịch nghĩa: Tôi muốn gặp anh ta ngay khi anh ta trở về.

Bài 4

Tóm tắt bài giảng
Causes

Liên từ : Because / since / as / for

Since + Quá khứ, hiện tại hoàn thành: Kể từ khi

Since + Hiện tại đơn / hiện tại tiếp diễn, mệnh đề : Bởi vì

As (= when, like + N, because) For + clause, clause: Bởi vì Because of + Noun:

Because of the heavy rain, the flight was delayed.

Because it rained heavily, the flight was delayed.

Due to = because of + Noun:

Due to the fact that it rained heavily, the flight was delayed.

Thanks to sb/ sth : mang nghĩa tích cực Owing to sb/ sth

Seeing that / Now that: thấy rằng, giờ thì

Seeing that / Now that it rained heavily, she stayed at home.

Manner As và like

As + Mệnh đề: When in Rome, do as Roman do.

Like + tân ngữ: Do like me. (= Do as I do)

Alike và Unlike

The twins look / are alike.

Unlike + noun: Unlike other classmates, I chose to study French.

As if / As though: Câu giả định → Lưu ý: lùi một thì, trái với hiện tại thì mệnh đề sau as if / as though ở quá khứ, trái với quá khứ thì mệnh đề sau đó ở quá khứ hoàn thành. He talks / is talking as if he were my father.

Liên từ trong các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhƣợng bộ (concession / contrast)

While / Whereas + Mệnh đề 1, Mệnh đề 2

Although / Though / Even though + Mệnh đề / PII (giảm mệnh đề) Ví dụ: – Although published late, the book received great feedback. – Though it rained heavily, we came to class on time.

Despite / In spite of + Noun / V-ing, clause (Chỉ dùng được V – ing khi V – ing và mệnh đề có cùng chủ ngữ)

Despite coming late, he wasn’t punished.

Though it rained heavily, we came to class on time.

→ Despite the heavy rain, we came to class on time.

However + adj / adv + S + verb

However hard he tried, he failed the exam. (Cho dù anh ấy cố gắng đến mấy, anh ấy đã trượt kỳ thi đó.)

Cấu trúc đối lập As: Adj / adv + as + S + verb

Hard as he tried, he failed the exam. (Cô gắng như là anh ấy có thể, anh ấy đã trượt kỳ thi đó.) No matter

No matter how = however : dù thế nào đi chăng nữa No matter how hard he tried, he failed the exam.

No matter who = whoever: cho dù bất kỳ ai No matter who you are, I still believe in you. Whoever you are, I still believe in you.

No matter what = whatever : dù bất cứ điều gì No matter what happens, smile and pass it. Whatever happen, smile and pass it.

No matter where = wherever: bất cứ nơi đâu

No matter where / wherever you go, your family is still in your heart.

ØBài tập vận dụng

Bài 1. Chọn phƣơng án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu

__________________ he always did well on his English tests, his parents were not surprised that he got an A. (When, Since)

You should keep the milk in the refrigerator, ________________ it doesn’t go bad. (since, so that)

__________________ he thinks he’s smart, he isn’t. (Although, After)

You should say goodbye to your brother __________ you leave for Europe. (before, since)

________ my father has high blood pressure, he has to watch what he eats. ( Before, Since)

________________ I came to this country, I didn’t speak a word of English! (Before, Since)

I’ll let you know ________________ I come back. (because, after)

He doesn’t understand ____________ he doesn’t speak French very well. (so that, because)

He spoke slowly ________________ she would understand. (because, so that)

________________ you stop crying, I’ll buy you an ice cream. (If, Since)

Bài 2: Chọn phƣơng án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu

Much of the food we eat would not actually last that long………. it were not for the chemicals they contain.

Unless B. If C. Though

…………… chatting online can be beneficial, it is certainly not the same as real interaction with human beings.

where B. because C. although

Long prison sentences should remain for assault or murder ……… justice for the victim and their family should take priority.

while B. even though C. as

I will keep studying hard………… I pass the exam.

because B. until C. wherever

I will continue to use my bike………… petrol prices remain high.

as long as B. unless C. even though

Global warming will not slow down ……… governments take serious action soon.

unless B. until C. as long as

Bài về nhà

Exercise 1 1. The car isn’t very nice, but it serves its purpose.

@Although …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Betty isn’t very tall, but she can run very fast.

@Although …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

He doesn’t have much money, but he wants to buy car.

@Although ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

There wasn’t much food at the party. However, everybody had a good time.

@Although ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

He’s a hard worker. However he van newer save enough to buy a car

@Although…………………

Exercise 2

He didn’t tell me why he’d been late, but I knew it all the same.

He didn’t tell me why he’d been late, but I knew it …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. It’s rather cold, but I think I’ll go for a walk.

Even though …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

She was unattractive but still had many friends.

@Even though …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

She was unattractive but still had many friends.

@Unattractive ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Though they’d lived in London for years, they always spoke German.

They’d lived in London for years ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3 1. Although I tried hard, I couldn’t find the book you lent me.

However ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Although he may have some strong points, intelligence is one of them.

@Whatever …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Although he loves Joan very much, he isn’t going to marry her.

@However ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Although she buys a lot of new dresses every month, she always dresses shabbily.

@However ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Even if our new house is very nice, we’ll still miss our old flat.

However ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 4 1. Although he makes a lot of money, he can’t save anything.

No matter …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

No matter what she said, no one paid any attention.

@Whatever …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

However hard she tried, she couldn’t lift the suitcase.

@No ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Although he loves Joan very much, he isn’t going to marry her.

@No ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

It doesn’t matter how much you earn, you shouldn’t waste money.

Although …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 5 1. Although Betty is attractive, she can’t find herself a boyfriend.

Attractive …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Although it seems incredible, my grandma is getting married again.

@Incredible …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Although I love travelling very much, I can’t afford to go to Japan.

@Much …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

However rich he may be, I wouldn’t like to be in his shoes.

@Rich …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

No matter how nice she may be, I don’t like her

@Nice …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 6

He doesn’t have much money, but he wants to buy a car.

@He wants to buy a car despite ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

We all enjoyed the walk even though it rained.

@In ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

We managed to talk seriously although there were a lot of people around.

@In ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

The bag was heavy but she managed to carry it herself.

@Despite ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

His mother refused to let him go to the party but he went anyway.

@He went to the party in spite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 7

Whatever you may promise, I don’t believe a word.

@For all ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

In spite of his hard work, he hasn’t been promoted for five years.

@For all ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Whatever you may say about Mary, I will not change my opinion about her.

@For all ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Say what you will about her husband, I do not like him.

@For all ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

For all the help of their friends, they were unable to cope with all the problems.

@In spite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 8

I couldn’t love Betty less, even though she may have had another boyfriend.

@I couldn’t love Betty less, even ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

It might be cold, but we’ll still go for a walk.

@Even if …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

I’m not going to accept their offer, although they might give me a big salary.

@Even if …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

She is beautiful and intelligent, but I’m not going to marry her.

@Even though …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

She is beautiful and intelligent, but I’m not going to marry her.

@I’m not going to marry her ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 9

In spite of being tired, we went to the museum.

@Even ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

In spite of the rain, the competition took place as planned.

Even ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

He went bankrupt, even though he’d worked very hard

He went bankrupt, in ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

I hate to have to tell you this, but you are wrong.

@I have to ………………………………………………….

In spite of her loving family, she wasn’t happy.

@Although …………………………………………………

Exercise 10. Kết hợp 2 câu làm một sử dụng từ cho sẵn 1)She knew how to cook.She said she didn’t. (Although)

2)Suzy arrived two hours late.She didn’t apologise. (Despite)

3)Alan doesn’t need any money. He still works. (Although)

4)My uncle had money.He didn’t buy the kids ice-creams. (In spite of)

5)Sam had an accident due to alcohol.He didn’t give up his habit. (Though)

6)Ana needed help.She didn’t ask for any. (Although)

7)Gloria failed all her exams.She has no intention to study. (Despite)

8)It was 3 am.The girls went on chattering. (Although)

9)Abdel had fallen off his bike twice.He won the race. (Although)

10)Mehmet was blind.He finished university in the first place. (Despite)

Exercise 11. Choose the best answer to complete these sentences

The situation is quite serious; just _______ we heard yesterday.

like b. as

From this angle, the building looks _______ the Empire State Building.

like b. as

It looks _______ it is going to rain this afternoon.

like b. as if

The queen looks _______ she is going to escape from the palace with the keys to the castle.

like b. as if

Monkeys live on a variety of fruit _______ bananas, oranges and breadfruit.

like b. such as

It looks _______ the weather is going to be kind to us after all.

like b. as if

Your room looks _______ a large nuclear device has hit it.

like b. as if

The pasta stew looked and tasted _______ porridge.

like b. as

I would love to visit some exotic countries _______ India, Thailand and Sri Lanka.

like b. such as

It seems _______ you never want to come and visit us.

like b. as if

_______ we heard, the hurricane is coming!

like b. as

We could go down to the beach, just _______ we used to.

like b. as

John and Paul are so ___________________ that people are always confusing them.

alike b. unlike c. like d. dislike

Vegetarians _____________________ meat.